نشریه رسانه های دیداری و شنیداری
پیاپی 38 (تابستان 1400)

Television, has an undeniable influence on human’s attitude, tendencies & behavior in the world today. Besides, all of us, have beliefs & perceptions between ourselves & others about the extent of being influenced by television. Literally, the important issue on these beliefs is the comparison we make on the extent of influence between ourselves & others. Usually, in such comparisons we take others as being more influenced by media rather than ourselves. The goal of this research is to survey on the amount of influence exerted by a third person. This is done from the perspective of student’s parents in Tehran about TV programs. The research methodology is survey by cluster sampling from student’s parents in two districts of Tehran (386 person). The findings are: The influence of third person occurs in Tehran’s statistical population and persisting differences between this city and western societies cannot prevent the emergence of this effect (Though there are differences in the effect’s size); secondly, the manner of receiving the influence from the content (desirability/undesirability) on the emergence & size of third person effect, is influential. Thirdly, by increasing perceived social distance between the self & others, the size of third person effect increases; fourthly, optimistic bias and third person effect do not have a meaningful relation and the fifthly, between behavioral tendencies for limiting access to media and the size of perceptual third person effect, a meaningful relation with moderate power exists.

The aim of this article is to design a charismatic organization model for IRIB by considering the causal conditions, underlying factors & existing interveners. This research is opting to concentrate on theoretical framework of charismatic organization management, and tries to answer this question that: How can a media organization present itself as a charismatic organization to become distinguishable? To achieve this, by using a qualitative methodology and systematic data mining, journalists, senior managers & faculty members of IRIB were interviewed. By an approach of theoretical sampling, helping us to have access to key concepts and their impacts, data repeating was continued. On the whole, 74 concepts in relation to issues of systematic data mining were extracted. According to outcomes, Trust, Transparency, Innovation and Social Capital play a pivotal role in relation to other issues & sub-issues. Amidst these, Social Capital has sub-categories such as: Organizational Culture, Sense of Responsibility, Job-fit, Trust Building and self –governing teams. The casual conditions and factors are: Organizational Structure, Organizational Mission & Nature, Concepts Reform, Designing Think Tanks, Manager’s Commitment and Convergence. These are the key elements being counted. Supervisory approach of the constitution, the intervention of governmental institutions, taste, the extent of popularity in internal levels & among audience, and the nature of vertical management are the obstacles of verifying charismatic model for this media organization.

This article has been written with the aim of surveying on the narrator’s role for acquiring the most trustable individual narrate of reality in radio documentary which is the closest media genre to the real event. To achieve this goal by relying on the views of Propp, Genette & Barthes, 7 produced radio documentaries in radio networks, namely Radio Farhang, Sedaye Ashena & Iran were chosen randomly to go under narrative analysis survey. The findings showed that the best kind of narrative which leads to a clear perception of the subject is a kind of Explosive Story which finds its base in Barthes & Genette perspective. Because, with expressing different interpretations of events & their simultaneous representation of details in the body of narrative, indicates that how various elements are connected and each of them can be inserted into the textual structure or not.

Considering the nature & policies which dominate the provincial networks of IRIB, it is very natural that the “Folklore” has an eminent position in the representation policies. The main goal of this research is to recognize the procedure of representing folklore in provincial networks which is done by a case study of Radio Ardabil programs. In order to fulfill this goal, by applying qualitative content analysis method, 5 episodes of an evening program “Sozlar, Sohbatlar” (Talks & Speeches) from Radio Ardabil, is both categorized and conceptualized. The results show that different elements of folklore are represented both as cultural heritage and national identity of targeted audience. It is also a creative strategy for social criticism and disseminates a desired style of life. “Individual & Social Ethics”, “Respecting Nature”, “Love & Endearment” are of dominant elements of folklore, which this program represents. On the other hand, anomalies such as: (Dis)Meritocracy, Lack of Foresight, Meanness, Injustice, Irresponsibility, and Irrationality are of the cases which can be placed under social criticism through folklore. In other words, in the studied program, in a kind of dialog between folklore & public culture, both values and norms existing in folklore have been represented. Also, with criticizing the anomalies of public culture, sociability and dissemination of desired style of life, will be followed. The outcomes indicate that folklore has a wide spectrum of capacities which provincial networks in addition to distribution & introducing them, can also apply them in various creative methods for criticism, educating and pattern making for audience.

One of the Important factors of attracting audience lies within broadcast schedule of TV programs or Conductor in programming process. This should be under special attention by IRIB as to have a successful presence in media competition realm. In order to recognize & explain the principals and effective components in designing TV schedule for IRIB, the Delphi method was applied by benefiting from 12 experts votes who were purposefully chosen. According to the saturation theory, the approved variables by experts were recognized in three phase. Below you can find the most important  variables which all the expert came upon agreement: Paying attention to the schedule of competing & aligned networks, private & public watching patterns, setting the schedule according to Prime Time components, using the markings on schedule, needs & interests of audience, personalization of arrangement in schedule, considering the goals and missions of the network, having a scenario for broadcast and arranging the schedule, generating monopoly & authority in thematic and specialized domain of the network, keeping the rhythm in schedule and programs, considering the learning plateau, proximity and considering tension & calm in programs. These were partitioned in four topics as: Timing (13 Items), Proportion (17 Items), Audience (14 Items), Policy Making & Management (14 Items). Based on these facts, the variables of the proportion domain gained the highest frequency among effective components in arranging TV schedule.

Ta’zieh, as a musical religious ritual, has provided the potency of using music in different ways. In researches about music in Ta’zieh, the structure of musical events in this ritual, have been analyzed based on the theoretical framework of Iranian classic music. Applying this approach in studying music in Ta’zieh has reduced the comprehensiveness of these researches because of neglecting many methods of using music in this ritual. That is why, doing a research in this regard seems essential. The aim of this research is to recognize & introduce methods of using music in Ta’zieh and the way they have formed. Using the term “Application” is of the concepts propounded in Ethnomusicology & forms the theoretical basis of this research. The data of the research have been collected according to field research together with participatory observation in location of Ta’zieh sessions in Ghodjan-Khansar. Audio files of previous sessions have also been another source of data plus library documentation. This research is both fundamental & qualitative, done by descriptive method & content analysis. The findings confirm 10 cases of using specific application of music in Ta’zieh sessions of Ghodjan in Khansar. Theses 10 cases are as follows: Announcement, Oration, ceremonies, Preamble, Work, Kinship, Worship, Lament, Dramatic & Conclusive. The mentioned applications are of Incidental music performed according to the situation. Some of applications of Ta’zieh music like: Announcement, Worship, Lament and Dramatic, include sub-categories which have different structural features and were mentioned in above category. Music applications in Ta’zieh, in view of method of creation & emergence are divided into two groups; realistic applications which have formed in the cultural path of this ritual, and symbolic applications that have been transformed from other cultural grounds.

Representation of important historical events is one of Media’s duties. In contemporary history of our country, Iran-Iraq war, is one of important incidents which has become the theme of producing media works. The purpose of this research is to represent Iran-Iraq war in radio plays in 60s & 90s. The next step is the comparison of the representations of this event based on the available discourse during the two decades. The methodology of the research is qualitative content analysis. Concerning the necessity of referring to archives for receiving the sample of plays, library documentation was applied as a tool for collecting data. The findings of the research show that the conceptual values of the war have had the highest level of representation, the manner of encountering death as the enthusiasm for martyrdom and there has been no fear of being killed among Iranian forces. Also, the plays have not paid attention to the sufferings of war, and the representation of Iraqi forces has been in a negative form. These findings were justified for 60 & 90 decades. According to the outcomes, the representation of Iran-Iraq war in radio plays in 60s & 90s do not show palpable changes and have remained the same, while there has been changes in the atmosphere of society and it is essential to consider the today’s taste of audience. And, untold narratives of war should also be considered beside the conceptual values.